According to excavation data, the entrance to the dwelling was located on the end side. At the level of the second floor, the entrance to the living room was preceded by walls occupying 1/4 or 1/3 of the volume of the floor. A round window was placed in the opposite wall of the entrance, which served to illuminate the room and remove smoke (if it was burning "in a simple way"). How long did it take to build such a house? If the construction was carried out by dozens of settlers, then they could invest in a period from several days to a month, depending on the number of workers and the availability of building material.

Archaeological studies indicate that great importance was attached to the arrangement of buildings. Residents painted the walls of buildings with mineral paints, of which they had a lot. Various carved wooden details were used in the household and interior, for example - dishes, plates, pots, spoons, knives, etc. The premises were heated both by open fireplaces and by stoves paved inside the house.

Сeramic models of buildings allow to reconstruct the exterior, interior and decoration of the houses and religious buildings of the people of Trypillian culture. It is important to note that the type of housing, its planning and decoration was created during the Trypillian period, which would later become a characteristic feature of the architecture of the rural population of Ukraine in the following millenniums. And agriculture, like the people of Trypillian culture, was the basis of the economic life of the population on the territory of Ukraine until the 20th century.

Reconstruction of the Trypilian two-floor house.

As for the interior, it was approximately the same in all dwellings. There must have been a stove in the house, which was located to the right of the entrance in the corner between the partition separating the hall from the living room and the right longitudinal wall. On both sides, it was surrounded by a steep rise. The dimensions of the furnace structure were about 2 - 2.5 m. Judging by the individual fragments, it can be imagined that it was a thick (5 - 6 cm) layer of clay, first smeared on a wooden frame, which then burned out. The stoves were made of several layers smeared with clay with an admixture of not chaff, but sand, which allows them to be clearly identified during excavations.

Under the opposite wall of the entrance, on the central axis of the house, there was a raised round shape with a diameter of 1.4 - 1.7 m, surrounded by a groove, which is interpreted as an altar. It, like black stoves, was made of clay without chaff admixture, applied in several layers, and was raised above the floor level by 10-12 cm. Its surface was carefully smoothed, and sometimes decorated with an indented ornament in the form of arc-shaped ribbons of parallel drawn lines.

Along the entire longitudinal wall (to the left of the entrance) there was a narrow elevation for placing dishes for everyday use and containers - piphos, which probably contained grain and other supplies. Under the same wall, opposite the furnace, there was a workplace - a rectangular adobe elevation with a stone grain grater on the surface.

Animals with tails (plants). From the painting of the dishes of the people of Tripillia.

Settlement Varvarivka 8. Reconstruction of V. Markevich. 1981.

Oval pits and pits of various widths (up to 30-40 m) were also discovered on almost every street and in the yards of Trypillian houses. It can be assumed that they were used as a quarry, in which large volumes of construction mortar were obviously prepared for the construction of the surrounding houses (Trypillians were actively developed), as well as ceramic production (thousands of ceramic fragments). The loess loam here was loosened, mixed with chaff and – since a large amount of water was needed to prepare the solution, and the nearest source was at a distance of about 0.5 km – it was mixed after the rain. It is not exclusive that some pits were used for waste.

Clay Trypillian dishes. Drawings, including various symbols and signs, are clearly visible on it.

In the process of archaeological excavations, a lot of materials were obtained, which characterize various aspects of Trypillian life and testify to the high level of culture and economy of Trypillians. This is, in particular, a huge amount of ceramics, plastic depicting gods, people, animals, models of houses, temples and even vehicles (carts, sledges). Numerous tools made of flint and other rocks were found - clay, bone, horn, as well as some objects made of copper (a small four-sided awl) and metal, which makes it possible to assert the beginnings of metallurgy in the Trypillian era.

A model of the Trypillian temple made of clay. On the walls, the symbols of Yin and Yang, which were common on products of the Trypillian culture, are clearly visible.

What other information about the Trypillian civilization do the results of archaeological excavations provide? There is every reason to believe that the people of Trypillian culture were extremely hardworking and creative people. Bread-making, agriculture, pottery, spinning, weaving are their main occupations. Favorable, fertile and fertile lands of ancient Ukraine gave the people of Trypillian culture the opportunity to create their paradise on earth, to develop production and the economy at full capacity.

Trypillian women, their clothes and utensils. Reconstruction
(was made based on the materials of many years of archaeological excavations).

The people of Trypillian culture "exported" grain (wheat, barley, peas, millet), food, ceramics, embroidery, jewelry, decorative objects made of wood and stone in large quantities to neighboring regions. Thanks to this, the Trypillian culture went down in history as one of the largest agrarian civilizations of mankind. The people of Trypillian culture were real breadwinners of the population, apparently not only of their own, but also of part of the population of ancient neighboring civilizations.

At that time, there were large forests and rivers near the Trypillian settlements. This allowed active hunting of animals. Men were actively engaged in: hunting for bison, deer, moose, roe deer, and wild boar. They were also engaged in fishing - catching annual fish (roach, perch, pike, eel), as well as animal husbandry - breeding goats, cows, pigs, which was facilitated by the rich meadows and pastures in the valleys of the Dnieper, Dniester, and Southern Bug. The large number of images of cats and dogs found on Tryplian pottery suggests that they probably had domesticated animals.

However, actively engaged in farming, multiplying and developing, the trypillians quickly depleted the soil and, having stayed in one place for 50-70 years, left it and moved to "fresh" lands. This, in fact, explains their settlement on a huge territory from Romania to Ukraine - here they occupied an area of 200,000 square km and left behind more than one and a half thousand settlements.

Trypillian people at work. Reconstruction.

This is how the people of Trypillian achieved considerable success thanks to their own work, intelligence and resources of a very rich territory, which is now called Ukraine. They were the first to prove that you can build a high civilization and a good life here with your own hands. However, the Trypillian civilization itself later disappeared, and only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries it reappeared in all its glory, thanks to the research of archaeologists.

One of the most mysterious rituals practiced by the Trypilians was the burning of their settlements. When it was time to move to a new place, the fire transported their houses, filled with dishes, food supplies and other household items, along with cult paraphernalia, to another world. It is thanks to this ritual that thousands of Trypillian artifacts, left thousands of years ago in dwellings before they were given over to the fire, have survived to this day.

Having existed for fifteen thousand years, one of the centers of the spread of agriculture quickly disappeared from the historical arena, leaving behind no evidence, except for archaeological ones. Historians are still puzzled: what could have happened? Why did a large-scale civilization disappear, where? Was it a natural disaster? Economic crisis? Is there a big war between different settlements?

In fact, archaeologists tend to believe that the people of Trypillian culture did not disappear anywhere. They were simply gradually supplanted by more primitive tribes of corded ceramics, in other words, pastoralists, nomads, barbarians came and devastated the region. Some part of the Trypilians still remained in Ukraine and moved higher, to the northwest, where they hid in the caves of the Ternopil Region and, over time, probably left them and moved on or dissolved into the local population.

After some time, that part of the Trypillians appear on the historical scene again, but already as participants in the creation of the legendary Cretan-Mycenaean (Minoan) civilization. They were called Pelasgians - Lelegs - those who left the Motherland, but dream of returning.

Thus, the Trypillian heritage turned out to be quite attractive for the new communities that appeared around 2100-2500 B.C. In particular, we find the "Trypillian script" on Kamares (Crete island) and Girla-Mare (Gаrla-Mare, Danube civilization) ceramics. These were ceramic vessels and statuettes, still similar to Tryplian ones, but which gradually lost their authenticity and took on new Mediterranean features.

Utensils discovered by archaeologists at the settlement of the Garla-Mare archaeological culture.

The similarity with Tripillian binocular-shaped ware is striking.

The migration of Indo-Europeans from the East to the West is often discussed in European and American publications. In particular, in the book "History of the English", researchers Robert Makram, William Crane and William McNeil expressed the opinion that the ancestral homeland of Indo-European languages could be in the territories where the Trypillians lived, that is, on the banks of the Dnipro River. This could happen after the decline of the Trypillian culture, when part of its population migrated to other territories, including Central and Southern Europe.

Map prepared by English researchers Robert Macram, William Crane and Robert McNeil, which schematically depicts the spread of Indo-European languages from the territory where the Trypillian tribes lived. In their opinion, this could have happened in the last centuries of the Trypillian civilization or after its decline.

So, some part of the influence on the formation of Celtic, Slavic, Germanic and other languages could have come precisely from the descendants of the Trypillian culture. It is clear that this is only an assumption. But there are certain arguments for it, including the presence of ancient words from Sanskrit in various European languages. How this process could happen can be seen in the diagram below.

Researchers from Princeton University (USA) suggested that the formation of the Trypillian civilization and other archaeological cultures of Southern, Eastern and Central Europe was due to migration processes from East to West, which took place for a very long time - from the 9th to the 6th millennium B.C.

As you can see from the diagram below, they see the process something like this. From the 9th millennium B.C., it spread from East to West, to the territory of the modern Middle East and Turkey. Then, in the 8th-7th millennium B.C., agriculture spread throughout the territory of modern Turkey, where there were very favorable climatic conditions for it. Even later, around 6200-6000 B.C., agriculture spread to the territory of Europe, primarily to the territory of modern Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Romania. And then, from these territories in the period from 6000 B.C., agriculture spread to Central Europe, as well as to the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine.

A map prepared by historians of Princeton University (USA) showing the probable route of ancient tribes from the East to the West and then to the North in the period from the 9th to the 5th millennium B.C.

What gives historians and archaeologists reason to talk about the similarity of different civilizations on such large territories, and about their gradual spread, migration of tribes? First of all, there is a certain similarity between the findings of archaeologists in different territories (ceramic dishes, drawings on them, ancient symbols and signs, similar tools, methods of housing construction, similar religious cults, etc.).

Ceramic products, very similar to each other. On the left is the Yangshao culture (Miaodigu phase),
on the right is the Tripillia-Kukuten culture.

This could be the path of the Trypillian tribes (more precisely, their ancestors) from the East to the West. During this time, ancient tribes covered a path of thousands of kilometers, spread their knowledge and civilization on the territory of millions of square kilometers. It is clear that all these assumptions are theoretical. It is extremely difficult to state anything definitively, especially when so much time has passed. However, scientists have accumulated many arguments in favor of such theories, including the results of archaeological excavations over the past 200 years. Therefore, it must be recognized that such theories have every reason to be considered quite well-argued.

Even more surprising is the incredible similarity of Trypillian ceramics with Yang-Shao ceramics, which existed as far away as China. There is every reason to believe that population migrations from East to West and from West to East were permanent. People traveled thousands of kilometers in search of new lands. Together with them, they carried knowledge, including the ability to make work tools, dishes, tools. Therefore, it is not surprising that figurines of deities and earthenware of the Trypillian culture and the Yang-Shao culture had many common features. Common ancient symbols are especially revealing.

No less interesting from the point of view of finding parallels with Trypillian are the ceramics of the Mogollon and Hohokhan culture in America (Anasazi-Mogollon, Hohokam) and the Ban-Shiang culture in Thailand (Ban-Chiang), listed in the UNESCO world heritage. It is not difficult to recognize the Trypillian design in them.

Ceramics of archaeological cultures Mogollon, Hohokam, Ancestral Pueblo. It is immediately noticeable its great similarity with the ceramics of the Trypillian culture and the drawings and symbols on the dishes.

Dishes and ceramics of the archaeological culture of Ban Chiang (Thailand). It is immediately noticeable its great similarity with the ceramics of the Trypil culture and the drawings and symbols on the dishes.

The question of how different civilizations, very distant from each other, could have such similar ceramics and other products has been of interest to historians and archaeologists for a long time.

A woman from the archaeological culture of Ban Chiang (Thailand) painting pottery. Reconstruction.

Samples of painted ceramics. On the left is the Tripillian culture (Ukraine), on the right is the Yangshao culture (China). Very similar (identical) symbols are visible on ceramic products.

An interesting version is the gradual resettlement of ancient people, which occurred after resettlement from the center of the original civilization of mankind - Hwanguk, which existed in 7197-3897 B.C. (3301 years). After that, there was the Baedal period (it lasted 1565 years) and the Ancient Joseon (lasted 2096 years). Information about these events is set out in the ancient records of the history of Korea - "Hwandan Gogi", which have survived to this day and are being studied by historians. These documents contain information about the ancient history of mankind, its culture. The documents are unique in that they tell about such ancient events in the history of mankind, about which there is no other written information in other sources.

According to Hwandan Gogi, Hwanguk's territory was located in Central Asia (in modern Siberia, around Lake Baikal, the Tien Shan mountains, etc.). In the future, there was a resettlement of people both to the East and to the West. In this case, it can be explained why many ancient archaeological cultures of Eurasia have certain similar features (ceramics, tools, weapons, buildings, etc.). Also, the presence of a common ancient civilization could explain the similarity of symbols on ceramics, the similarity of tools, tools, weapons and other findings of archaeologists.

Information from Hwandan Gogi about the existence of an ancient civilization in Eurasia, which could be the ancestral home of many subsequent civilizations, caused a great public outcry. Historians and archaeologists have also shown great interest in it. Archaeologists believe that it is extremely difficult to prove the reliability of the information indicated in the ancient documents. Moreover, thousands of years have passed since the events, and no other reliable written information has survived. That is why the question of the origin and migration of various tribes in Eurasia remains extremely controversial in modern historical science.

On the territory of Ukraine, painted Trypillians ware continued to be made in several craft centers on the Dniester (Usativ archaeological culture). These products must have had a great value, because they are found, as a rule, in the richest burials, and even then in small quantities. This could mean that the majority of the population after the decline of the Trypillian civilization began to live worse, poorer, and beautiful painted tableware was available only to a small part of the population.

The Trypillian cult tradition became the property of future civilizations and tribes, just as it happened with the cultural heritage of other vanished civilizations of the Ancient World. Nowadays, we can only make assumptions as to how exactly the symbolism of the Neolithic era has survived to our days, but we can see ancient signs on Easter eggs and in embroidery, known even to the people of Tripillian culture: a rhombus divided into four parts (a sown field), a bereginia, an infinity, a spiral, a swarga etc.

It can be said that the people of Tripillian culture managed to leave a memory of themselves - thanks to what they created in the past, they are still remembered today. So, in a certain way, they achieved their goal - to preserve their memory for a long time, in eternity. Although, perhaps, it did not happen in the way they hoped. The study of mutual influences between the Trypillian civilization and other neighboring civilizations is promising, because every year there is more and more information, and it can be processed and analyzed.

Interior of the Trypillian house. Reconstruction.

Conclusions

As can be seen from the given facts, the Trypil civilization played an important role in the history of contacts between Western and Eastern ancient civilizations. She left a significant mark in the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe.

Archaeological excavations made it possible to collect a large amount of material about the life, construction, rituals and customs of the people of Trypillian. Most historians agree that the formation of the Tripillian civilization was greatly influenced by the process of gradual resettlement of agricultural tribes, including from the East and South (from the territory of modern Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria) to the territory of modern Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, where they settled people from Trypillya. It is significant that the history of the Trypillian civilization was quite long - more than 1000 years. This indicates that she had a certain margin of strength, because otherwise she would not have lasted so long.

Archaeological findings (earthenware, tools, remains of buildings, etc.) allow us to trace certain relationships between the Trypillian civilization and its predecessors and successors. This is especially evident in common symbols, signs and drawings on pottery, and in the shapes of pottery. In Asia, Europe and America, there are several ancient civilizations whose clay products are very similar to each other in terms of artistic design. This indicates the presence of mutual influences between these civilizations. Of course, now it is difficult to say who and who had more influence, because a lot of time has passed, thousands of years. But common technologies, symbols, tools, and rituals can testify to the common origin of ancient civilizations. These questions will still need to be studied by the next generation of scientists.

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