¹On March 20, the Eastern Learning Army launched an uprising in Mujang Township, and at dawn on April 7, the army achieved a major victory at Hwangtohyeon Hill. Seizing this momentum, the army proceeded to capture township after township in Jeolla-do provinces, and their morale seemed to pierce the sky.

²On April 23, at the battle in Hwangryongchon Village in Jangseong County, the Eastern Learning Army crushed the government army led by General Hong Gye-hun, the commander tasked with quelling the Eastern Learning uprisings, then advanced north toward Jeonju County. ³Reaching the conclusion that the Eastern Learning Army could not be quelled by the government army alone, Hong Gye-hun requested that the royal court seek aid from the Qing Chinese military. ⁴During this period, Qing China and Japan were closely following the events unfolding in Joseon. The Japanese prime minister of the time was Ito Hirobumi.

⁵On April 27, when the Eastern Learning Army occupied Jeonju County, the alarmed royal court requested military aid from Qing China, and the Chinese army soon entered Asan County. ⁶Meanwhile, the Japanese army had been awaiting just such a development, and they quickly landed in Incheon. The entire peninsula was covered by ominous clouds of war.

⁷After the occupation of Jeonju County, the Eastern Learning Army and the government army, though still locked in conflict, became extremely wary of further foreign interventions. The two sides agreed to a treaty, and the Eastern Learning Army temporarily disbanded. ⁸Thereafter, the royal court requested of both countries a simultaneous withdrawal of their troops, and Qing China also proposed such a simultaneous withdrawal to Japan. However, Japan cited the nonconclusion of the upheaval and the need for Joseon’s domestic reforms as pretexts for rejecting the proposal.