--연구원 칼럼(舊)

객원연구원논문 Qanat 3.

객원연구원 Mahdi Hajikhani

2020.04.27 | 조회 6924

Why is Qanat better than a deep well?

 

Those who believe in replacing Qanat by deep wells are more likely to argue that Qanat's water flows all year round without human control and, of course, a large amount of groundwater in the cold season also comes from The tablecloths are out and wasted. This is due to a lack of familiarity with the deeply rooted culture and traditions of agriculture in Iran.

Firstly - in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran there is no stagnation season and snack water is used throughout the year.

Secondly, in the colder regions of Iran, farmers rely on centuries of crop rotation and crop rotation experience to use Qanat's full capacity throughout the year. It is natural that the plants planted in the warm season of the year need water more than ever before. Iranian farmers pay close attention to the date of harvest of various crops in adjusting their cultivation plans and whenever environmental conditions allow. They choose the area of ​​cultivation above the capacity of the freshwater source, which is often Qanat.

In order to build the Qanat, deep wells are drilled to a depth of 150 to 200 meters, called the " mother “, in the base of the mountain or in slopes with appropriate slopes of 1 to 2 meters in diameter. just large enough to fit the person doing the digging.

Then, along a path leading to the fields, successive wells dug along each other for several yards to the desired location. In the next phase, these wells are connected by a canal or underground channel with a gentle slope. Wells are dug for two purposes. (Figure 8)

One for removing dirt and bedrock during drilling and the other for ventilation and Qanat in duct clogging. Once the canal is constructed, the water flowing out of the canal or springs will flow out of the canal and reach irrigation uses. Soils that drain from wells and aqueducts when they are dug are generally dumped around the wells, creating bumps around the wells that look like small volcanoes.

The construction of the Qanat requires an accurate calculation of the slope of the groundwater, and the calculation should be such that the water flows to the ground after traveling tens of kilometers at the specified point.

But the Qanat has not changed the slightest change from thousands of years ago: the well that goes down and drains the soil; the rope; the leather apron; the lights; Short and shovel.

Since water is a concern of the people of this land, the Qanat has become a sanctuary for them, and hence has become associated with the culture of the people. People believe that the Qanats are either male or female, and according to this belief, when their water becomes deficient, they are given a wife or husband.

Many Qanats are still in use stretching from China on the east to Morocco on the west, and even to the Americas

One unique feature of Qasbe qanat of Gonabad is its deepest mother well. Different depths of mother well in this qanat have been mentioned indifferent sources overtime: Nasir Khusrow, 75 Gaz (gaz is similar to yard, 5 Gazz=4 yards); Henry Goblo, 300 meters; Sadullah Velayati, 247 meters; Hussein Pour Ebrahimi, 300-320 meters; Seyed Hasan Mojtabavi, 280-300 meters; bureau of agricultural management of the town of Gonabad, 340 meters; and Geography encyclopedia of Iran 450-500 meters. However, thanks to cartographies made over the last decades, the actual depth of the last identifiable shaft has been measured and set as 250 meters. Obviously, location of the last definite qanat on the earth has not been identified due to floods covering it over the past few years. Therefore, the depth of Mother well would be certainly more than this. (Figure 9)

The oldest and the longest Qanat in the world called Zarch which is located in Yazd province. This Qanat is 100 kilometers in depth and 23 meters deep, known as the longest man-made Qanat that features more than 2000 wells and a 90-meter (the mother well), plus its length and dating, Has made it one of the most valuable Qanat in the world. (Figure 10)

 

Benefits of Qanat.

 

The system of extraction in the Qanat is such that the water goes out of the ground without the aid of expense only by the use of gravity. Qanats water is cheaper than water extracted from wells. Qanats water is permanent and cannot be cut off in times of emergency and crop emergencies in water-sensitive situations. Ground water resources run out of Qanat late and have long use.

 


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